Programming Concepts Intermediate

What is Design Pattern?

A reusable solution template for commonly occurring problems in software design.

Design patterns are proven solutions to recurring design problems. The Gang of Four book categorizes them into creational (Singleton, Factory, Builder), structural (Adapter, Decorator, Proxy), and behavioral (Observer, Strategy, Command) patterns.

Patterns provide a common vocabulary for developers and help create flexible, maintainable code. However, overusing patterns adds unnecessary complexity. Apply patterns when they solve a clear problem, not preventively.

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Twelve-Factor App

A methodology of twelve best practices for building modern, scalable, maintainable software-as-a-service applications.

A programming technique where a function calls itself to solve a problem by breaking it into smaller subproblems.

The process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in software code to ensure correct program behavior.

Restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior to improve readability, maintainability, and performance.

Immutable Object

An object whose state cannot be modified after creation, providing thread safety and predictable behavior in concurrent systems.

A data structure that maps keys to values using a hash function, providing average O(1) time complexity for lookups, insertions, and deletions.

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