DevOps Advanced

What is Immutable Infrastructure?

An approach where servers are never modified after deployment — changes require building and deploying entirely new server instances.

With immutable infrastructure, servers are replaced rather than updated. New code or configuration changes mean building a new image, deploying new instances, and destroying old ones. This eliminates configuration drift and "snowflake" servers.

Benefits include consistency (every server is identical), easy rollback (deploy previous image), and reproducibility. Technologies include machine images (AMIs), containers (Docker), and infrastructure as code. Combined with blue-green deployments for zero-downtime updates.

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Canary Deployment

A deployment strategy that gradually rolls out changes to a small subset of users before deploying to the entire infrastructure.

Semantic Versioning

A versioning scheme using MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH numbers that communicates the nature of changes in each release.

The acceptable amount of unreliability allowed for a service, calculated as 100% minus the Service Level Objective.

A packaged, versioned output of a build process — such as a Docker image, JAR file, or compiled binary — ready for deployment.

A structured analysis conducted after an incident to understand what happened, why, and how to prevent recurrence — without assigning blame.

Chaos Engineering

The discipline of deliberately introducing failures into a system to test its resilience and identify weaknesses before they cause outages.

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