Programming Concepts Beginner

What is Debugging?

The process of finding and fixing errors (bugs) in software code to ensure correct program behavior.

Debugging is a systematic process: reproduce the bug, isolate the cause, fix the code, and verify the fix. Techniques include print/log statements, interactive debuggers (breakpoints, step-through), and rubber duck debugging (explaining the problem aloud).

Modern IDEs provide powerful debugging tools with variable inspection, call stacks, and conditional breakpoints. Logging frameworks (with levels like DEBUG, INFO, WARN, ERROR) help track issues in production.

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A data structure that follows Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) ordering, where elements are added and removed from the same end (top).

Garbage Collection

An automatic memory management process that identifies and reclaims memory no longer in use by a program.

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a computation, defined as a finite sequence of instructions.

The ability of a program to manage multiple tasks that can make progress during overlapping time periods.

Composition over Inheritance

A design principle favoring object composition (has-a relationships) over class inheritance (is-a relationships) for code reuse.

Event-Driven Architecture

A software design pattern where components communicate by producing and consuming events rather than direct method calls.

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