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Databases Intermediate

What is Migration?

A version-controlled change to a database schema that can be applied and reversed systematically.

Database migrations track schema changes over time, similar to version control for code. Each migration defines an "up" (apply) and "down" (revert) operation, such as creating tables, adding columns, or modifying constraints.

Migrations ensure all environments (development, staging, production) have identical database schemas. They are run in sequence and tracked to prevent re-application. Tools include Flyway, Liquibase, Alembic, and framework-specific migration systems.

Related Terms

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)
A technique that lets you interact with a database using object-oriented code instead of writing raw SQL queries.
Time-Series Database
A database optimized for storing and querying timestamped data points like metrics, sensor readings, and event logs.
Index
A data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on database tables at the cost of additional storage.
NoSQL
A category of databases that store data in non-tabular formats, optimized for specific data models and access patterns.
Transaction
A sequence of database operations that are treated as a single unit — either all succeed or all are rolled back.
ETL (Extract, Transform, Load)
A data pipeline process that extracts data from sources, transforms it into a suitable format, and loads it into a destination system.
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