Programming Concepts Beginner

What is Algorithm?

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a computation, defined as a finite sequence of instructions.

Algorithms are the foundation of computer science. They define how to solve problems efficiently. Key properties include correctness (produces right output), efficiency (time and space complexity), and finiteness (terminates).

Common algorithm types include sorting (quicksort, mergesort), searching (binary search), graph algorithms (Dijkstra, BFS/DFS), dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. Algorithm efficiency is measured using Big O notation.

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A data structure that follows First-In-First-Out (FIFO) ordering, where elements are added at the rear and removed from the front.

A mathematical notation that describes the worst-case performance of an algorithm as input size grows.

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A system that records changes to files over time, allowing you to recall specific versions, collaborate, and track history.

Composition over Inheritance

A design principle favoring object composition (has-a relationships) over class inheritance (is-a relationships) for code reuse.

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A programming paradigm that treats computation as the evaluation of mathematical functions, avoiding state changes and mutable data.

Singleton Pattern

A design pattern that restricts a class to a single instance and provides a global point of access to that instance.

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