Programming Concepts Beginner

What is Algorithm?

A step-by-step procedure for solving a problem or performing a computation, defined as a finite sequence of instructions.

Algorithms are the foundation of computer science. They define how to solve problems efficiently. Key properties include correctness (produces right output), efficiency (time and space complexity), and finiteness (terminates).

Common algorithm types include sorting (quicksort, mergesort), searching (binary search), graph algorithms (Dijkstra, BFS/DFS), dynamic programming, and greedy algorithms. Algorithm efficiency is measured using Big O notation.

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Immutable Object

An object whose state cannot be modified after creation, providing thread safety and predictable behavior in concurrent systems.

Composition over Inheritance

A design principle favoring object composition (has-a relationships) over class inheritance (is-a relationships) for code reuse.

The practice of designing application programming interfaces that are consistent, intuitive, and maintainable for developers to consume.

Event-Driven Architecture

A software design pattern where components communicate by producing and consuming events rather than direct method calls.

A data structure that follows Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) ordering, where elements are added and removed from the same end (top).

Restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior to improve readability, maintainability, and performance.

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