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Programming Concepts Intermediate

What is Concurrency?

The ability of a program to manage multiple tasks that can make progress during overlapping time periods.

Concurrency is about dealing with multiple things at once (structure), while parallelism is about doing multiple things at once (execution). Concurrency models include threads (shared memory), processes (isolated memory), async/await (cooperative), and actors (message passing).

Challenges include race conditions, deadlocks, livelocks, and starvation. Synchronization primitives (mutexes, semaphores, channels) coordinate access to shared resources. Modern languages increasingly favor message passing and async/await over shared-memory threading.

Related Terms

Singleton Pattern
A design pattern that restricts a class to a single instance and provides a global point of access to that instance.
Data Structure
A way of organizing and storing data in a computer so it can be accessed and modified efficiently.
Unit Testing
Testing individual components or functions of a program in isolation to verify they work correctly.
API Design
The practice of designing application programming interfaces that are consistent, intuitive, and maintainable for developers to consume.
Refactoring
Restructuring existing code without changing its external behavior to improve readability, maintainability, and performance.
Factory Pattern
A creational design pattern that provides an interface for creating objects without specifying their exact classes.
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