Databases Intermediate

What is Transaction?

A sequence of database operations that are treated as a single unit — either all succeed or all are rolled back.

Transactions ensure data consistency through ACID properties: Atomicity (all or nothing), Consistency (valid state transitions), Isolation (concurrent transactions don't interfere), and Durability (committed data persists).

Commands include BEGIN/START TRANSACTION, COMMIT (save changes), and ROLLBACK (undo changes). Isolation levels (READ UNCOMMITTED, READ COMMITTED, REPEATABLE READ, SERIALIZABLE) balance consistency and performance.

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A query that transforms rows into columns, creating a pivot table view of aggregated data.

The structure definition of a database including tables, columns, data types, relationships, indexes, and constraints.

Window Function

An SQL function that performs calculations across a set of rows related to the current row without collapsing the result set.

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping)

A technique that lets you interact with a database using object-oriented code instead of writing raw SQL queries.

Database Connection Pooling

A technique that maintains a cache of database connections for reuse, reducing the overhead of creating new connections.

A database object that automatically executes a specified function when certain events (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE) occur on a table.

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