IT Glossary & Dictionary

A Linux kernel feature that provides process isolation by creating separate instances of global system resources.

A method of mapping private IP addresses to public IP addresses, allowing multiple devices to share a single public IP.

A command-line tool that displays network connections, routing tables, and interface statistics on a system.

A set of rules that control inbound and outbound traffic at the subnet level, acting as a stateless firewall in cloud and enterprise networks.

A device or software that connects two or more network segments at the data link layer, forwarding traffic based on MAC addresses.

The practice of continuously observing network infrastructure to detect failures, performance degradation, and security threats.

A Linux kernel feature that provides isolated network stacks with independent interfaces, routing tables, and firewall rules.

A formatted unit of data carried over a network, containing headers with routing information and a payload with the actual data.

The practice of dividing a network into isolated segments to improve security, performance, and management.

The physical or logical arrangement of nodes and connections in a computer network, such as star, mesh, ring, or bus configurations.

The modern Linux packet filtering framework that replaces iptables with a unified, more efficient rule-processing architecture.

A high-performance web server and reverse proxy known for its stability, low resource usage, and ability to handle many concurrent connections.

A command that runs a process immune to hangup signals, allowing it to continue after the terminal session ends.

The process of organizing database tables to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity.

A category of databases that store data in non-tabular formats, optimized for specific data models and access patterns.

A fundamental library for numerical computing in Python, providing efficient multi-dimensional arrays and mathematical operations.

An authorization framework that allows third-party applications to access user resources without sharing passwords.

A mechanism in OAuth that limits an application's access to a user's account to specific resources or actions.

A programming paradigm that organizes software design around objects containing data and behavior.

A storage architecture that manages data as objects with metadata and unique identifiers, ideal for unstructured data at scale.

The ability to understand a system's internal state from its external outputs through metrics, logs, and traces.

A design pattern where an object (subject) maintains a list of dependents (observers) that are notified automatically of state changes.

A technique that lets you interact with a database using object-oriented code instead of writing raw SQL queries.

The seven-layer Open Systems Interconnection model that standardizes network communication functions from physical transmission to application protocols.

A virtual network built on top of an existing physical network, enabling features like container networking and VPNs.

A regularly updated list of the ten most critical web application security risks, published by the Open Web Application Security Project.

A cloud service model that provides a platform for developers to build, deploy, and manage applications without managing infrastructure.

A tool that automates the process of installing, updating, configuring, and removing software packages.

A tool for creating identical machine images for multiple platforms from a single configuration file.

A powerful data analysis and manipulation library providing DataFrames and tools for working with structured data.

A technique of dividing large database tables into smaller, more manageable segments while maintaining a single logical table.

A modern Python module providing an object-oriented interface for filesystem paths, replacing os.path operations.

An authorized simulated cyberattack on a system to evaluate its security defenses and identify vulnerabilities.

A social engineering attack that uses fraudulent communications to trick people into revealing sensitive information or installing malware.

A widely-used server-side scripting language designed for web development that powers over 75% of websites including WordPress.

Python's built-in module for serializing and deserializing Python objects into a byte stream for storage or transmission.

The standard package installer for Python, used to install and manage third-party libraries from PyPI.

A mechanism that connects the output of one command directly to the input of another, enabling command chaining.

Defining CI/CD pipeline configurations as version-controlled code files rather than through UI-based pipeline builders.

A text file listing Python package dependencies with version specifications for reproducible project installations.

A framework of policies, hardware, and software for creating, managing, distributing, and revoking digital certificates.

A modern Python dependency management and packaging tool that handles virtual environments, locking, and publishing.

A numbered endpoint (0-65535) that identifies specific processes or services on a networked computer for communication.

An advanced open-source relational database known for its reliability, feature richness, and standards compliance.

A structured analysis conducted after an incident to understand what happened, why, and how to prevent recurrence — without assigning blame.

A pre-compiled SQL template that uses parameters instead of literal values, preventing SQL injection and improving performance.

A column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a database table.

A security principle where users and programs receive only the minimum access rights needed to perform their specific tasks.